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Religious Meanings
| Feastday: April 1 1053-1132 canonized by Pope Innocent II St Hugh of Grenoblewas a Benedictine bishop of Grenoble, France, is the patron of St. Bruno. He was born in the Dauphine region and became a canon of the cathedral in Valence. In 1080, while attending a synod in Avignon, Hugh was named bishop of Grenoble. He attempted a massive reform of the diocese, but, discouraged, retired to Chaise Dieu Abbey, and became a Benedictine. Pope St. Gregoiy VII ordered him back to Grenoble. Hugh gave St. Bruno the land on which the Grande Chartreuse was founded, thus starting the Carthusians. |
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| Feastday April 2 1416-1502 Canonized in 1519 by Pope Leo X The Church beatified him in 1513  Top St. Francis of PaolaHess L, 1909, wrote that St. Francis was born in the tiny village of Paola, Italy, around 1416. His parents were poor but humble and holy. They had prayed to St. Francis of Assisi for a son. When he was born, they named him after the saint. The boy went to a school taught by the Franciscan priests. There he learned to read. When he was fifteen, with his parents’ permission, he went to live in a cave. He wanted to be a hermit and spend his life for God alone. When he was twenty, other young men joined him. St. Francis left his cave. The people of Paola built a church and monastery for him and his followers. He called his new religious order the “Minims.” “Minims” means “the least of all.” This occurred in 1435 , when his two companions joined him in his retreat, and to accommodate them Francis caused three cells and a chapel to be built: in this way the new order was begun. By 1436, he and two followers began a movement that would become the foundation of the Hermits of Saint Francis of Assisi, which would later be renamed as the Minim friars. So, he then became the friar and the founder of the Roman Catholic Order of Minims. However, unlike the majority of founders of men’s religious orders, and like his patron saint, Francis was never ordained a priest. In the 1450’s his congregation had grown. The growth led the Archbishop of Cosenza, Pyrrhus, to permit Francis to build a monestary and a church. Miracles were becoming habitual and hence; his congregation grew bigger with time. In 14747, he was allowed to proclaim his own community rules with the permission of Sixtus IV and to which was approved by Alexander VI. After the approbation of the order, Francis founded several new monasteries in Calabria and Sicily. He also established monasteries of nuns, and a third order for people living in the world, after the example of St. Francis of Assisi. On order against Francis will, he went to the Chateau de Plessis lez Tours, in La Riche. Although, Francis did not perform any miracles as he usually did, the king died in Francis arms. Charles VIII, Louis’ successor, was an admirer of the saint and during his reign kept him near the court and frequently consulted him. This king built a monastery for the Minims there near the chateau at Plessis and another at Rome on the Pincian Hill. Francis also forcefully influenced many in the French church, particularly Jan Standonck, who founded the College de Montaigu along what he thought were Minimist lines. The regard in which Charles VIII held the saint was shared by Louis XII, who succeeded to the French throne in 1498. Francis was now eager to return to Italy, but the king would not permit him, not wishing to lose his counsels and direction. The last three months of his life he spent in entire solitude, preparing for death.[3] On Holy Thursday he gathered his community around him and exhorted them especially to have mutual charity amongst themselves and to maintain the rigour of their life and in particular perpetual abstinence. The next day, Good Friday, he again called them together and gave them his last instructions and appointed a Vicar General. He then received the last rites and asked to have the Passion according to St. John read out to him, and whilst this was being read, he died on April 2, 1507, almost a week after his 91st birthday, in Plessis. |
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| Feastday: April 3 Patron of Coachmen Diocese of Chichester and Sussex, England 1197-1253 Canonized 1262 Pope Urban IV 
St Richard of ChichesterHardy, 1871, explained that Richard of Chichester/Richard de Wyche was a Bishop and a leading figure in England during his lifetime. Born at Wyche, Worcestershire, England, he was the second son of Richard and Alice de Wyche, however; he was orphaned while a young lad, managed to regain his fortune which had been mismanaged by others, and received an excellent education at Oxford, Paris, and Bologna, Italy. At Oxford, he studied under the famous Robert Grossteste and became friends with St. Edmund Rich. He earned a doctorate in law from the University of Bologna. He was appointed chancellor of Oxford in 1235 and then chancellor to Edmund Rich, who by now was archbishop of Canterbury. After accompanying Edmund into retirement at the Cistercian abbey of Pontigny, France, he departed the community upon Edmund’s death, taught at the Dominican house in Orkans, and was ordained there in 1243. After studying the cannon law he returned to England became the Chancellor of the University of Oxford. In 1244, Ralph Neville, Bishop of Chichester, died; the election of Robert Passelewe, Archdeacon of Chichester, was referred to the vacant seat of Bishop, which was refused. In June, 1244, Richard was elected to the seat of Bishop, which was then confirmed by the archbishop. Henry III was indignant, as Robert Passelewe was a favourite, and he refused to surrender to Richard the temporalities of his seat of Bishop. Due to Henry III refusing to accept Richard as Bishop, Richard lived in poverty with Simon of Tarring. In 1252, the king appointed him a teaching post in London due to Richard having been one of the collectors of the subsidy for the crusades (Bliss, “Calendar of Papal Letters”, I, 263). Upon reaching Dover, he went to a hospital called “Maison Dieu”, due to having been taken ill and where he died. He was buried at the Chichester Cathedral. Although, the destruction of the reform, has left no evidence to this tale. However; Ralph Bocking and Capgrave compiled a biography of Richard of Chichester. |
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| Feastday April 4 556-636 Patron Saint of: computers, computer users, computer programmers, Internet Top St. Isidore of SevilleThis saint was born in 556. Isidore was born into a family of saints in sixth century Spain. Two of his brothers, Leander and Fulgentius who were Bishops, and one of his sisters, Florentina, who was an abess were all revered as saints in Spain. Isidore’s family was probably Roman in roots. Leander, his brother, who was much older than Isidore, took over Isidore’s education and his pedagogical theory, which unfortunately involved force and punishment. This led to Isidore to run away, to get away from the abuse he received from Leander. Although, he returned home Leander confined him to a cell, where Isidore continued his education and eventually became the greatest teacher in Spain. He went on to write the encyclopedia of knowledge, the Etymologies, which was a popular textbook for nine centuries. He also wrote books on grammar, astronomy, geography, history, and biography as well as theology. When the Arabs brought study of Aristotle back to Europe, this was nothing new to Spain because Isidore’s open mind had already reintroduced the philosopher to students there. When Bishop Leander died, his brother, Isidore became his successor, and remained the bishop of Seville, in Spain for 37 years . This is where he made a great impact on the Church of his day. These two brothers were responsible for the conversion of the Visigoths to the Catholic Church. Isidore lived long before the Council of Trent, which started seminaries to train priests. But St. Isidore believed that every diocese should have a seminary and a Catholic school for advanced learning. Both of his dreams would some day come true when the great Catholic universities as well as seminaries would be started. St. Isidore was an organizer, too. He was asked to direct two important Church meetings called Councils. The first was in Seville, Spain, in 619, and the other in Toledo, Spain, in 633. These Councils helped to unify these two churches. This saint wrote many books, too. He wrote a history of the Goths. He wrote about Bible heroes and heroines. He even wrote a dictionary. Bishop Isidore was available for his people. The poor of Seville knew where to go for help. There was a continuous line every day, all day, at the bishop’s house. Isidore prayed and led a life of sacrifice, too. He really was a holy and much loved bishop. He died in 636. St. Isidore was proclaimed a Doctor of the Church by Pope Innocent XIII in 1722. He lived until almost 80. As he was dying his house was filled with crowds of poor people, as to which he was helping. One of his last acts was to give all his possessions to the poor. |
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| Feastday April 5 Born 1357 Died 1419. Canonized by Pope Nicholas V in 1455. Patron Saint of Builders 
St. Vincent FerrerA most wonderful Christian hero was St. Vincent Ferrer. He was born in St. Dominic came into the world on January 23, 1357. He held Mary, mother of Jesus in high esteem. He was intelligent, handsome but he was not bashful. In 1374, he entered his home monestary of St. Dominic As a priest he taught at many colleges and then for twenty years he went on to become an influential Dominican preacher touring France, Italy, Germany, Flanders, England, Scotland, and Ireland. At Lerida, the famous university city of Catalonia, he received his doctorate. He then became Bishop of Cartagena in Spain. He lived to behold the end of the great schismand the election of Pope Martin V. He died on April 5, 1419. |
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| Feastday April 6 c.840-6 April 912 He was beatified in 1512.  Notker Balbulus, from a medieval manuscript Top Blessed NotkerNotker the Stammerer (Latin for Notker Balbulus), he was also called Notker the Poet or Notker of Saint Gall. however, he is currently known as the Monk of Saint Gall(Monachus Sangallensis). Notker was born around 840, to a distinguished family. He would seem to have been born at Jonschwyl on the River Thur, south of Wil, in the modern canton of Saint Gall in Switzerland; some sources claim Elgg to be his place of birth. Although, he had been a sickly child he didn’t let his ailments or his speech impediment deter him from achieving what he desired. He studied with Tuotilo at Saint Gall’s monastic school, taught by Iso, and Moengall. His education led him to be a musician,author, poet, and Benedictine monk at the Abbey of Saint Gall in modern Switzerland. During his time as a monk there he was thought to be a librarian in 890 and as master of guests in 892 to 894.He and two other friends, Tutilo and Radpert, were very happy monks. They encouraged each other in their vocations at the monastery of Saint Gall in Germany. Their common love for God and for music made them lifelong friends. You can read about St. Tutilo on March 28. King Charles visited the great monastery from time to time. He highly respected Notker and asked him for advice. Unfortunately, he didn’t usually follow the advice. One time King Charles sent his messenger to ask to see the monk. Notker was taking care of his garden. He sent this message: “Take care of your garden as I am taking care of mine.” King Charles understood that he should be taking better care of his own soul and of his kingdom. Blessed Notker spent the rest of his life in his chosen vocation. He completed Erchanbert’s chronicle, arranged a martyrology, composed a metrical biography of Saint Gall, and authored other works. The number of works ascribed to him is constantly increasing. His Liber hymnorum, created between 881 and 887, is an early collection of Sequences, which he called “hymns”, mnemonic poems for remembering the series of pitches sung during a melisma in plainchant, especially in the Alleluia. It is unknown how many or which of the works contained in the collection are his. The hymn Media Vita, was erroneously attributed to him late in the Middle Ages. Ekkehard IV wrote of fifty sequences composed by Notker. He was formerly considered to have been the inventor of the sequence, a new species of religious lyric, but this is now considered doubtful, though he did introduce the genre into Germany. It had been the custom to prolong the Alleluia in the Mass before the Gospel, modulating through a skillfully harmonized series of tones. Notker learned how to fit the separate syllables of a Latin text to the tones of this jubilation, this poem was called the sequence (q.v.), formerly called the, jubilation. (The reason for this name is uncertain.) From 881 to 887 Notker dedicated a collection of such verses to Bishop Liutward of Vercelli, but it is not known which or how many are his. He is commonly accepted to be the , the author of De Carolo Magno, a book of anecdotes about the Emperor Charlemagne. |
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| Feastday April 7 Born on 1651 Died 1719 Canonized by Pope Leo XIII in 1900 Pope Pius XII declared him the patron of teachers in 1950. 
St. John Baptist De La SalleSt. John Baptist de la Salle was born in Rheims, France, on April 30, 1651. His parents were from the nobility. Although, he was brought up with wealth he was a devout boy. He loved Jesus and his Church. After his parents had passed away he entered into the priesthood. However, he had to leave the seminary and go home to take care of his brothers. But while he was teaching and training them, he kept on studying too. His brothers turned out to be fine young men. When their studies were completed, John Baptist was ordained a priest. He started a new order, the Brothers of the Christian Schools to teach the poor. Although Father de la Salle also taught the children himself, he spent most of his time training the teaching brothers. For them he wrote a rule of life and a book explaining the best way to teach. He was one of the best educators of all time. He believed in teaching in the language of the people, not in Latin, as others did. He grouped the students into classes. He stressed the importance of silence while the lesson was being taught. After a while, the brothers opened more schools. They taught the sons of the working people and nobles, too. Many difficulties faced the new order. St. John Baptist’s constant prayer and sacrifices blessed the work. It continued to grow and spread. Father de la Salle’s health was never good. His asthma and arthritis caused him constant pain. Despite this, he would never allow himself to take on an easier lifestyle. |
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| Feastday April 8 Born 1751 Died 1816. Cannonized by Pope Paul VI in 1969. 
St. Julie BilliartMary Rose Julie Billiart was born in Belgium in 1751. Her uncle, the village school teacher, taught her to read and write. She especially loved to study her catechism. In fact, when she was just seven, Julie would explain the faith to other little children. Her family were struck with poverty and Jullie worked in harvesting the crops as a source of income. Despite the hard times she still devoted her time to teach catechism. Julie was left paralyzed after an illness but carried on to teach catechism from her ailing bed. Julie became the campaign leader and started the Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur. After twenty two years of paralyses, a passing priest asked her to pray and make a novena with him, she regained full physical fitness and was able to walk. Julie continued to train the nuns and against opposition but with entrusted faith in God she watched her congregation grow from strength to strength. The growth continues to expand worldwide. |
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| Feastday April 9 Born 6th Century Died April 9, c. 688 patron saint of Mons and of Belgium. St. WaldetrudisSt Waldetrudis, also known as Waudru was born in Belgium in the seventh century. she was the daughter of Saints Walbert and Bertilia and sister of St. Aldegunus of Maubeuge. Her parents betrothed her to Count Madelgar/ Count of Hainaul, who had become St. Vincent Madelgar. The couple had four children. Incredibly, all have been declared saints, St Landericus, St Madalberta,St Adeltrudis, and St Dentelin. Waldetrudis made the sacrifice and allowed her husband to leave her to enter the life of a monk. In 643 her husband became a monk in the monastery of Hautrnont, France, he had founded. In 656 she herself became a nun and had established a convent in Chateaulieu, in Mons, Belgium, to which to town grew around it. St. Waldetrudis died in 688. After her death, many people who prayed at her tomb reported miraculous healings. |
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| Feastday April 10 Canonized by Pope Clement XIII on 22 February 1767 Died 1460 
St Anthony NeyrotRabenstein K, April 1999, wrote that Anthony was born, in Rivoli, in Piedmont, in northern Italy in the fifteenth century. He joined the Dominican order in Florence, Italy. The prior at that time was another saint, Antoninus. We celebrate his feast on May 10. This saint was to have a great influence on Blessed Anthony. As a travelling missionary he travelled to Sicily and Naples, where he was kidnapped and sold into slavery and became a Muslim, learning the Koran and He then was adopted by the king, to which he then married a Turkish lady of high rank. Bereaved and grieving of the death of St Antoninus, he soon realised that his faith was still with God and that he still wanted to be a Dominican Brother. After a dream, a Bereaving and grieving over the death of St Antoninus, Antoninus appeared in the dreams of Anthony. Anthony deducted from the vision that his old faith was still fixed in his heart. He rejoined the Dominican Borthers and on Palm Sunday appeared at the procession. The king had Anthony stoned to death on Holy Thursday. At great expense, some merchants from Genoa, Italy, took his remains back to his own country. |
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| Feastday April 11 Born 1030 Died April 11, 1079. Canonized by Pope Innocent IV in 1253 
St. StanislausSt. Stanislaus was born near Cracow, Poland, in 1030, after thirty years of his parents trying for a baby. Following his parents death, after studying in Paris, France, he gave all his worldly possessions to the poor. Then he became a priest. He was given a canonry (post of priest in the Krakow/Wawel Cathedral, located on Wawel Hill in Krakow, Poland) by Bishop Lampert Zula of Krakow, who made him his preacher. In 1072, proceeding the death of Bishop Lampert Zula, he was elected a sees and voted Bishop of Krakow. The cruelty bestowed on the people of Poland by their King Boleslaus II/ the Bold was scrutinised by Bishop Stanislaus. Bishop Stanislaus began by giving the King a kind but firm warning. Proceeding and ignoring the warning, Bishop Stanislaus excommunicated the King from the church and Stanislaus stopped giving the sermons at the Cathedral. This angered the King and the King henceforth entered the chapel, located outside the city, and during Stanislaus sermon, the Kingd shot Stanislaus dead. God worked many miracles after St. Stanislaus’ death. All the people called him a martyr. |
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| Feastday April 12 Died April 12, 1927 Canonized by Pope John Paul II on October 25, 1987. 
St. Joseph MoscatiA dedicated follower of God and grieving for the death of his brother he entered into medicine and became a Doctor. As a Doctor he worked for the incurables in Naples. He opened his own surgery for both the rich and the poor. He always bought the prescription for the poor people. He medically visited the poor people of Naples, visiting through the slums of Naples and then going to the hospital to begin his rounds. He died of a stroke. |
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| Feastday April 13 Died around 656 Pope in 649 Martyr St. MartinSt Martin had been a Roman priest and became a pope in July 649. His job was to preach the word of God and his son Jesus. Having taken on board the truth given by all present Bishops, at the council meeting of the Lateran, he set forth and began to preach the truth. Emperor Constans II of Constantinople disagreed with Pope Martin and ordered Pope Martin to be brought to him and imprisoned for 3 months. Emperor Constans II of Constantinople trialled him and condemned him to death. Awaiting his condemnation of death Patriarch Paul of Constantinople pleaded for Pope Martins life. This resulted with Pope Martin being exiled across the Black Sea to Russia Peninsula, the Crimea. So, in 654, landing in Crimea, he wrote of his ordeal and died two years later embittered by the lack of help from his family and from Rome. |
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| Feastday April 14/March 18/June 14 (depending on region and tradition) Born 1380 Died 1433. Canonized in 1890 by Pope Leo XIII Patron Saint of Skating in 1944, Patron of chronically ill, and the town of Schiedam. 
Blessed St LidwinaSt Lidwina was Dutch and her name means suffering. When she was fifteen years old, Lidwina dedicated herself completely to God. She might have eventually become a nun. But in a single afternoon, her entire life was changed. After a skating accident she was left blind in one eye and bedridden. Despite her serious condition she had decided that she would continue suffering for God as Jesus did for God. Medaer R, 1979, felt that her diagnosis was probably multiple sclerosis. |
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| Feastday April 15 Born 1840 Died 1889 Proclaimed blessed” by Pope John Paul II in 1994 declared venerable in 1977 Pope John Paul II declared him beatified on June 4, 1995. Canonized by Pope Benedict XVI in 2009 
Blessed St Damien of MolokaiHe was known as Joseph “Jeff” de Veuster was born 3rd of January, 1840, in Tremelo, Belgium. He was the son of Belgian farmers. He and his brother, Pamphile, joined the congregation of the Sacred Hearts Fathers in 1860, where he received the name Damien in religious life. In 1864, Pamphile was sent to Honolulu, on the Hawaiian Islands as missionary to preach the Catholic faith. Just before the departure date, Pamphile came down with typhoid fever. He could no longer consider going to the missions. Brother Damien, still studying to become a priest, asked to take his place. The father general accepted Damien’s offer. He went home to his family for a loving farewell. Then he took the ship from Belgium to Hawaii, a journey of eighteen weeks. Damien finished his studies and was ordained a priest in Hawaii. He spent eight years among the people of three districts. He traveled on horseback and by canoe. In 1873, he volunteered and went to the Island Kalawao, the leper colony on Molokai, after volunteering for the assignment. He tried to plea with the board of Health in Honolulu for help. Damien cared for lepers of all ages, but was particularly concerned about the children segregated in the colony. He announced he was a leper in 1885 and continued to build hospitals, clinics, and churches, and some six hundred coffins. He had tried to organise the food parcel distribution sent by the Hawaiian Government and the board of Health. He died of Leprosy on April 15 1889 , on Molokai. Damien was slandered by a Protestant minister, Mr. Hyde,. However, Robert Louis Stevenson defended Damien and Stevenson wrote an impassioned defense of Damien in 1905. On February 21, 2009, the Vatican announced that Father Damien would be canonized. The ceremony took place in Rome on October 11, 2009, in the presence of King Albert II of the Belgians and Queen Paola as well as the Belgian Prime Minister and several cabinet ministers, completing the process of canonization. |
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| Feastday April 16 Born 1748 Died 1783 Beatified 1860 Venerable by Pius IX in 1859 Venerable by Pius IX in 1859 Beatified by Pope Leo XIII in 1883 Canonized by Leo XIII 8 December, 1881 Patron of bachelors, rejects, mental illness, mentally ill people, insanity, beggars, hobos, the homeless 
St. Benedict Joseph LabreDelany J, 1907, wrote that St. Benedict Joseph Labre was born 26 March, 1748 at Amettes in the Diocese of Boulogne, France and had thought to have died in Rome 16 April, 1783. He was the eldest of fifteen children. His parents, Jean-Baptiste Labre and Anne-Barba Grandsire, belonged to the middle class and so were able to give to their numerous offspring considerable opportunities in the way of education. His early training he received in his native village in a school conducted by the vicar of the parish. The account of this period furnished in the life written by his confessor, Marconi, and that contained in the one compiled from the official processes of his beatification are at one in emphasizing the fact that he exhibited a seriousness of thought and demeanor far beyond his years. Even at that tender age he had begun to show a marked predilection for the spirit of mortification, with an aversion for the ordinary childish amusements, and he seems from the very dawning of reason to have had the liveliest horror for even the smallest sin. All this we are told was coexistent with a frank and open demeanor and a fund of cheerfulness which remained unabated to the end of his life. At the age of twelve his education was taken over by his paternal uncle, François-Joseph Labre, curé of Erin, with whom he then went to live. During the six following years which he spent under his uncle’s roof, he made considerable progress in the study of Latin, history, etc. but found himself unable to conquer a constantly growing distaste for any form of knowledge which did not make directly for union with God. A love of solitude, a generous employment of austerities and devotedness to his religious exercises were discernible as distinguishing features of his life at this time and constitute an intelligible prelude to his subsequent career. At the age of sixteen he resolved to embrace a religious life as a Trappist, but having on the advice of his uncle returned to Amettes to submit his design to his parents for their approval he was unable to win their consent. He therefore resumed his sojourn in the rectory at Erin, redoubling his penances and exercises of piety and in every way striving to make ready for the life of complete self-annihilation to which the voice within his soul seemed to be calling him. After the heroic death of his uncle during an epidemic in September 1766, Benedict, who had dedicated himself during the scourge to the service of the sick and dying, returned to Amettes in November of the same year. His absorbing thought at this time was still to become a religious at La Trappe, and his parents fearing that further opposition would be resistance to the will of God fell in with his proposal to enter the cloister. It was suggested, how ever, by his maternal uncle, the Abbe Vincent, that application be made to the Carthusians at Val-Sainte-Aldegonde rather than to La Trappe. Benedict’s petition at Val-Sainte-Aldegonde was unsuccessful but he was directed to another monastery of the same order at Neuville. There he was told that as he was not yet twenty there was no hurry, and that he must first learn plain-chant and logic. During the next two years he applied twice unsuccessfully to be received at La Trappe and was for six weeks as a postulant with the Carthusians at Neuville, he finally sought and obtained admission to the Cistercian Abbey of Sept-Fonts in November, 1769. After a short stay at Sept-Fonts during which his exactness in religious observance and humility endeared him to the whole community, his health gave way, and it was decided that his vocation lay elsewhere. In accordance with a resolve formed during his convalescence he then set out for Rome. From Chieri in Piedmont he wrote to his parents a letter which proved to be the last they would ever receive from him. In it he informed them of his design to enter some one of the many monasteries in Italy noted for their special rigor of life. A short time, however, after the letter was dispatched he seems to have had an internal illumination which set at rest forever any doubts he might have as to what his method of living was to be. He then understood “that it was God’s will that like St. Alexis he should abandon his country, his parents, and whatever is flattering in the world to lead a new sort of life, a life most painful, most penitential, not in a wilderness nor in a cloister, but in the midst of the world, devoutly visiting as a pilgrim the famous places of Christian devotion”. He repeatedly submitted this extraordinary inspiration to the judgment of experienced confessors and was told he might safely conform to it. Through the years that followed he never wavered in the conviction that this was the path appointed for him by God. He set forward on his life’s journey clad in an old coat, a rosary about his neck, another between his fingers, his arms folded over a crucifix which lay upon his breast. In a small wallet he carried a Testament, a breviary, which it was his wont to recite daily, a copy of the “Imitation of Christ”, and some other pious books. Clothing other than that which covered his person he had none. He slept on the ground and for the most part in the open air. For food he was satisfied with a piece of bread or some herbs, frequently taken but once a day, and either provided by charity or gotten from some refuse heap. He never asked for alms and was anxious to give away to the poor whatever he received in excess of his scanty wants. The first seven of the thirteen remaining years of his life were spent in pilgrimages to the more famous shrines of Europe. He visited in this way Loreto, Assisi, Naples, Bari, Fabriano in Italy; Einsiedeln in Switzerland; Compostella in Spain; Parav-le-Monial in France. The last six years he spent in Rome, leaving it only once a year to visit the Holy House of Loreto. His unremitting and ruthless self-denial, his unaffected humility, unhesitating obedience and perfect spirit of union with God in prayer disarmed suspicion not unnaturally aroused as to the genuineness of a Divine call to so extraordinary a way of existence. Literally worn out by his sufferings and austerities, on the 16th of April 1783, he sank down on the steps of the church of Santa Maria dei Monti in Rome and, utterly exhausted, was carried to a neighboring house where he died. His death was followed by a multitude of unequivocal miracles attributed to his intercession. The life written by his confessor, Marconi, an English version of which bears the date of 1785, witnesses to 136 miraculous cures as having been certified to up to 6 July, 1783. So remarkable, indeed, was the character of the evidence for some of the miracles that they are said to have had no inconsiderable part in finally determining the conversion of the celebrated American convert, Father John Thayer, of Boston who was in Rome at the time of the saints death. Benedict was proclaimed Venerable by Pius IX in 1859 and canonized by Leo XIII 8 December, 1881. His feast is kept on the 16th of April, the day of his death. |
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| Feastday April 17/March 28 (Roman Catholic) Died 1134 Proclaimed a Saint by Pope Urban IV in 1262 Patron of the Catholic Baroque Church , in the village Apatistvanfalva in Hungary Top 
St. Stephen HardingStephen Harding was born in Dorset, England. He was a speaker of English, Norman French, and Latin. As a young boy, he was placed in the abbey of Sherbourne, whichwas Founded by St. Aldhelm in AD 705. This monastic community was not for Stephen being such a young age, but eventually put aside the cowl went on a Pilgrim. He eventually moved to the abbey of Molesme in Burgundy, under the abbot Saint Robert of Molesme (c. 1027 – 1111). When Robert left Molesme to avoid its corruption and laxity, Stephen and Saint Alberic went with him. Unlike Alberic, Stephen was not ordered to return by Pope Urban II as the monks who had remained at Molesme sent a deputation to Pope Urban II, asking that Robert might be sent back to his first monastery., and he remained in solitude with Robert. When twenty-one monks deserted Molesme to join Robert, Harding, and Alberic, the three leaders formed a new monastery at Citeaux in the wilderness in France. They lived a life of work and great poverty. They wanted to imitate the poverty of Jesus. They kept strict silence. Robert was initially abbot at Citeaux, returning to Molesme after a year. Alberic then took over, serving as abbot until his death in 1108. Stephen Harding, the youngest of the three men, became the third abbot of Citeaux. When St. Stephen became the abbot, he had many troubles. The monks had just a little food. Then over half of the monks became sick and died. It looked as though the community would come to an end. They needed new, young members to continue their life. Stephen prayed with faith. And his prayer was rewarded. In 1112, God sent to these monks called Cistercians thirty young men who wanted to join them. They arrived at the monastery gate all together. Their leader was to become a great saint, too. His name is St. Bernard. We celebrate his feast day on August 20. This was a marvelous day for St. Stephen and the monks. As abbot, Stephen Harding guided the new monastery over a period of great growth. Between 1112 and 1119, a dozen new Cistercian houses were founded to contain the monks coming to the new movement. In 1119, Stephen wrote the Carta Caritatis, the Charter of Charity (Charter of Love) and organized the draft of the collection of statutes, in which were contained wise provisions for the government of the order, to which this was an important document for the Cistercian Order, establishing its unifying principles. The book of usages and customs, together with some of the definitions of the first general chapters, received the approbation of Pope Callistus II. Approbation is an act by which a bishop or other legitimate superior, in this case Pope Callistus II grants to an ecclesiastic the actual exercise of his ministry. Stephen served the house at Citeaux for twenty-five years. While no single person is considered the founder of the Cistercian Order, the shape of Cistercian belief and its rapid growth in the 12th century was due to the leadership of Stephen Harding. Before his death in 1134, Stephen had established thirteen monasteries united to Citeaux.. By the end of the 12th century there were 500 in Europe. In 1133, he resigned as the head of the order, due to blindness and disability. He died the following year. The north aisle of St Sepulchre-without-Newgate church in London, U.K. was formerly a chapel dedicated to him (it became the Musicians Chapel in the 20th century). Stephen had established thirteen monasteries. He was buried in the same tomb as his predecessor, Alberic, in the cloister of Citeaux Searching for several hours, Wiki Answer claim that he was not canonized. |
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| Feastday April 18 Born 1584 Died 1618 Beatified 24 April 1791 Top Blessed St Mary of the IncarnationShe was known as Barbara Avrillot and known also as Madame Acarie, she was born into a Bourgeoise family, in France in 1566. Her father, Nicholas Avrillot was an accountant general in the Chamber of Paris, and chancellor of Marguerite of Navarre. Her mother, Marie Lhuillier was a descendant of Etienne Marcel, the famous prevot des marchands (chief municipal magistrate). Barbara was placed with the Poor Clares of Longchamp for her education, and acquired there a vocation for the cloister. In 1584, through obedience she married Pierre Acarie, a wealthy young man of high standing, who was a fervent Catholic, to whom she bore six children. She was an exemplary wife and mother. Pierre Acarie was one of the staunchest members of the Catholic League, which, after the death of King Henry III of France, he went on to oppose his successor Prince Huguenot, Henry of Navarre. He was one of the sixteen who organized the resistance in Paris. The cruel famine, which accompanied the siege of Paris, gave Madame Acarie an occasion of displaying her charity. After the dissolution of the League, brought about by the abjuration of Henry IV. Although, Acarie was exiled from Paris, Barbara remained behind with her children tending to her husbands debts. Her suffering didnt cease she went on to fall of a horse and was left an invalid for the rest of her life. Early 1600 she undertook health care of the poor and sick at the hospital. After several apparition of St Teresa she erecting the first monastery, in Rue St. Jacques. King Henry IV of France granted letters patent on the 18 July 1602. Pierre de Berulle, became founder of the Oratory, St. Francis of Sales, Abbe de Bretigny, and the Marillacs took part in the building and had decided on the foundation of the Reformed Carmel in France, 27 July 1602. The Bishop of Geneva received the Bull of institution on 23 rd November, 1603 by Pope ClementVIII. The following year some Spanish Carmelites were received into the Carmel of Rue St. Jacques, which became celebrated. Mme de Longueville, Anne de Gonzague, Mlle de la Vallieres, withdrew to it; there also Bossuet and Fenelon were to preach. The Carmel spread rapidly and profoundly influenced French society of the day mrs Acarie also shared in two foundations of the day, that of the Oratory and that of the Ursulines. She urged De Berulle to refused to tutors Louis XIII, who was the monarch of the House of Bourbon who ruled as King of France from 1610 to 1643 and King of Navarre from 1610 to 1620, when the crown of Navarre was merged to the French crown, and on 11 November 1611 she, with St. Vincent de Paul, assisted at the Mass of the installation of the Oratory of France. Among the many postulants whom Mme Acarie received for the Carmel, there were some who had no vocation, and she conceived the idea of getting them to undertake the education of young girls, and broached her plan to her holy cousin, Mme. de Sainte-Beuve. To establish the new order they brought Ursulines to Paris and adopted their rule and name. As her husband died in 1613, she entered the order of Carnel as a lay sister in the poorest community. In 1614, she withdrew to the monastery of Amiens, taking the name of Marie de l Incarnation. Her three daughters had preceded her into the cloister, and one of them, Margaret of the Blessed Sacrament, was sub-prioress at Amiens. In 1616, by order of her superiors, she went to the Carmelite convent at Pontoise, where she died. |
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| Feastday April 19 Died 1601 Martyred 1602 Beatified in 1929 Patron of Booksellers, Publishers Blessed St James DuckettIn 1559, Queen Elizabeth approved the Acts of Uniformity and Supremacy which had been passed by Parliament on the 29th April. The Act of Uniformity made Protestantism England’s official faith, established a code of worship. However, James Duckett, born in Gilfortriggs, Westmoreland, England, who was a printer apprentice came accros the book called, The Firm Foundation, this book was based on Catholocism. Duckett was immediately seeking the Catholic Faith. His new Christian faith stopped him from going to his church. However, the code of worship was that all fellow worshippers were ordered to attend mass, hence, he was sent to prison. He was soon a confirmed Catholic and married a widowed Catholic. His faith grew and he shared this faith through binding some books to distribute. This preaching sent him to prison for at least 9 years out of his 12 married years. The final straw was when, his book binder, Peter Bullock, testified in a court of Law against James Duckett, to which James and Peter were both sentenced to death. They were hanged at Tybum. His memoirs were relived when his son became a Carthusian monk and wrote all the accounts that his family endured during the days of the reform. |
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| Feastday April 20 Born c.1268 Died 1317 canonized by Pope Benedict XIII in 1726 
St. Agnes of MontepulcianoShe was born into the noble Segni family in Gracciano, a small village near Montepulciano in Tuscany, Italy in 1268. At just nine years old her parents allowed her to live at the nearby Cominican convent fo the second order, the Montepulciano, near her home in Gracchiano-Vecchio. The years passed. St. Agnes received her training as a novice. Agnes and the sisters belonged to the Order of Preachers, called Dominicans. In 1281, Agnes, who was bearly 20 years old was chosen as superior or “prioress” of the convent. Four years later she was commissioned by Pope Nicholas IV to assist in the foundation of a new convent in Procena.. About 1300, the people of Montepulciano built a new convent in order to lure Agnes back to them. She established a convent under the Dominican rule and governed there until her death in 1317. Her tomb became a place of pilgrimage. Many people came to pray to this holy woman and to seek her help. Among the pilgrims was the famous St. Catherine of Siena. |
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Feastday April 22
St. Stoer/Soter PopePope from 164 to 174 St. Caius (Gaius)Pope from year 294 to 296 |
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| Feastday April 23 Born c. 275/281 Died 23 April 303 Canonized as a saint by Pope Gelasius I in 494patron of England in 1222 Patron saint of Aragon, Catalonia, Ethiopia, Georgia, Greece, Lithuania, Palestine, Portugal, Russia Patron Saint of the cities of Amersfoort, Beirut, Bteghrine, Cáceres, Ferrara, Freiburg, Genoa, Ljubljana, Gozo, Pomorie, Qormi, Lod and Moscow Patron Saint of of scouts, soldiers, archers, cavalry and chivalry, farmers and field workers, riders and saddlers, and of lepers, plague and syphilis. Martyr
St. GeorgeBBC,2009, explained that St George was born in Cappadocia (now Eastern Turkey, and Cappadocia is in the sprawling area of central Turkey which lies between Aksaray in the west, Kayseri in the east and Nigde in the south., however, Cappadocia was Hellenic until The Battle of Manzikert, which occurred on August 26, 1071 between the Byzantine Empire and Seljuk Turkish forces led by Alp Arslan, resulting in the defeat of the Byzantine Empire and the capture of Emperor Romanus IV Diogenes. George was born in the year A.D. 270. Cappadocia ,he was a Greek officer in the Roman army in the Guard of Diocletian. His father was the Greek Gerondios from Cappadocia, Asia Minor. His mother was the Greek Polychronia from the city Lyda. Lyda was a Greek city in Palestine from the times of the conquest of Alexander the Great (333 BC), however it is now known as it’s Hebrew name Lod and is now a part of modern Israel. In hagiography, Diocletian, a pagan emperor, was a bitter enemy of the Christians. In fact, he put to death every Christian he could find. It is believed that St. George was one of Diocletian’s favorite soldiers. When George opposed Diocletian for his cruelty towards the Christians, he was tortured and beheaded. Saint George is one of the most venerated saints in the Catholic (Western and Eastern Rites), Anglican, Eastern Orthodox, and the Oriental Orthodox churches. He is immortalized in the tale of Saint George and the Dragon and is one of the Fourteen Holy Helpers. He is regarded as one of the most prominent military saints. |
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| Feastday April 24 Born 1578 Martyr in 1622 Proclaimed by Pope Benedic XIV in 1746 Canonized by Pope Benedict XIV in 1746 
St. Fidelis of SigmaringenThis saint’s name was Mark Rey. He was born in is Sigmaringen ,Germany, around in 1577 or 1578. Mark went to the famous University of Freigburg to become a lawyer. During his undergraduate years he visited the poor and partook in daily prayers. His brother chose to be a Capuchin Franciscan priest. Mark, instead, finished his studies and became a famous lawyer. Mark gained the reputation of the Poor Mans Lawyer. In 1612, Finding the Law Courts corrupt he became a Franciscan Capuchin monk, and he was then known as Fidelis, meaning the faithful. Fidelis became a missionary in Grisons, Switzerland, however, although he was liked by the Catholic people, there were many enemies of the Catholic faith. Father Fidelis wanted to win these people back to the Church. Although he converted many, he also anti Catholic threats. After an attempt on his life, he fled the town but was caught up by these angry anti Catholics and stabbed to death. |
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| Feastday April 25 Patron of notaries St. Mark the EvangelistMark lived at the time of Jesus. Although he was not among the original twelve apostles, he was a relative of St. Barnabas, an apostle. The second Gospel was written by St. Mark, who, in the New Testament, is sometimes called John Mark. It was probably written in Rome sometime before the year 60 A.D.; he wrote it in Greek for the Gentile converts to Christianity. Tradition tells us that St. Mark was requested by the Romans to set down the teachings of St. Peter. That is why he is called an evangelist, a Gospel writer. Mark’s Gospel is short, but it gives many little details of Jesus Christ, details that are not in the other Gospels. While still young, Mark went with the two great saints, Paul and Barnabas, on a missionary journey, to the island of Cyprus, to preach of Jesus to new lands. Also he went ton Rome with St. Peter and St. Paul. Tradition ascribes to him the founding of the Church in Alexandria. Before the journey was over, Mark seems to have had a disagreement with St. Paul. Mark suddenly returned to Jerusalem. Paul and Mark later worked out their differences. In fact, Paul wrote from prison in Rome that Mark came to console and help him. Mark also became a beloved disciple of St. Peter, the first pope. St. Peter called St. Mark “my son.” Some think that Peter meant to say that he had baptized Mark. Mark was consecrated a bishop and sent to Alexandria, Egypt, where in the book of Islamic Conquest and the Ottoman Empire it explains that Mark had founded the Church of Alexandria, which today is part of the Coptic Orthodox Church. There he converted many people. He worked hard to spread love for Jesus and his Church. It is believed that he went through long and painful sufferings before he died. |
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| Feastday April 26 Born 790 Died 860 St. RadbertusSt. Paschasius Radbertus lived in ninth-century France. No one knows who his parents were. They left their newborn infant on the doorstep of St. Mary at Soissons convent, in Nottre Dame. The nuns loved and cared for the baby. They named him Radbertus. When he was old enough to be educated, Radbertus was sent to the monks of St. Peter nearby. The boy loved learning and especially enjoyed the Latin classics. When he grew up, he lived a quiet, scholarly life. He remained a lay person for several years. Then he felt the call to become a monk. He joined a community led by two fervent abbots, St. Adalhard and his brother who succeeded him, Abbot Wala. Radbertus tried to be a holy monk. He often accompanied the two abbots on their journeys. He wrote their biographies after they died. Radbertus became a Scripture scholar. He wrote a long commentary on the Gospel of St. Matthew. He produced other explanations of parts of the Bible, too. But his most well-known work is called “The Body and Blood of Christ.”By 844, Paschasius himself became abbot. Within another ten years, he had resigned his title as abbot and returned to his studies. Immediately after his resignation, he left Corbie for the nearby monastery of St. Riquier, where he lived in voluntary exile for some years Radbertus did not feel that he had a vocation to be a priest. But he was persuaded to accept the appointment of abbot for a seven-year term. Then he insisted that he return to his life of prayer, meditation, study and writing. His term as abbot was very difficult for him although he did the best he could. He spent the rest of his life praying, writing and doing the tasks assigned him. He did return to Corbie before his death, between the years 859 and 865. he was buried in the church of Saint John at Corbie Abbey. When numerous miracles took place at his grave under Abbot Fulco, his remains were solemnly removed by order of the pope, 12 July 1073, and interred in the Church of Saint Peter, Corbie. |
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| Feastday April 27 Patroness of domestic workers. Canonizedin 1696. St. ZitaShe was born in the village of Monte Sagrati, Italy, in 1218. Her parents were deeply religious and raised Zita in a loving, Christian way. It was the custom of poor couples to send their teenage daughters to trustworthy families who could afford servants. The young women would live with the families for a time and were employed to do the domestic tasks. Zita was sent to the Fatinelli family in Lucca when she was twelve. Mr. and Mrs. Fatinelli were good people who had several workers. Zita was happy to be able to work and send money to her parents. She tried to live responsibly. She formed habits of praying that fit in with her schedule. She rose early to go to daily Mass. When one of the workers tried to kiss her, Zita fought him off. He left the room with several scratches on his face. Mr. Fatinelli questioned her privately about the incident. She told him honestly what had happened. After that, Zita became the head housekeeper. The Fatinelli children were placed under her care. Best of all, the other workers stopped persecuting her. Some even began to imitate her. Zita spent her whole life with the Fatinelli family. While others came and went, she stayed. She served them lovingly. She loved them like she loved her own family. By her example, she helped people see that work is beautiful when it is done with Christian love. Zita died peacefully on April 27, 1278. She was sixty years old. Her feast day in the Roman Catholic Church is April 27. To this day, families bake a loaf of bread in celebration of St. Zita’s feast day. |
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| Feastday April 28 Born 1803 killed on April 28, 1841 Canonized in 1954 by Pope Pius XII Patron of Oceania Martyr 
St. Peter ChanelHe was born in 1803 at Clet in the diocese of Belley, France. His fathers shepherd from the age of seven. Though poor, he was intelligent and loved his faith, too. One day, a good parish priest, Father Trompier, met him. He thought so much of Peter that he asked his parents if he could educate the boy. In this priest’s little school, and later in the seminary, Peter studied hard. When he became a priest, he was sent to a parish where just a few Catholics still practiced their faith. Father Chanel was prayerful. He was kind and patient with everyone. After his ordination he found himself in a rundown country parish and completely revitalized it in the three year span that he remained there. However, his mind was set on missionary work; so, in 1831, he joined the newly formed Society of Mary (Marists) which concentrated on missionary work at home and abroad. To his dismay, he was appointed to teach at the seminary at Belley and remained there for the next five years, diligently performing his duties. In 1836, the Society was given the New Hebrides in the Pacific as a field for evangelization, and the jubilant St. Peter was appointed Superior of a little band of missionaries sent to proclaim the Faith to its inhabitants. On reaching their destination after an arduous ten month journey, the band split up and St. Peter went to the Island of Futuna accompanied by a laybrother and an English layman, Thomas Boog. They were at first well received by the pagans and their king Niuliki who had only recently forbidden canabalism. However, the kings jealousy and fear were aroused when the missionaries learned the language and gained the people’s confidence; he realized the adoption of the Christian Faith would lead to the abolition of some of the prerogatives he enjoyed as both highpriest and sovereign. Finally, when the kings own son expressed a desire to be baptized, the king’s hatred erupted and he dispatched a group of his warriors to set upon the saintly head of the missionaries. Thus, on April 28, 1841, three years after his arrival, St. Peter was seized and clubbed to death by those he had come to save. And his death brought his work to completion – within five months the entire island was converted to Christianity. The relics were returned to Futuna in 1977. The fractured skull was returned to Futuna in 1985. |
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| Feastday April 29 Born 1347 Died 1380 Pope Pius II canonized St Catherine in the year 1461 Patron of Italy (with St Francis of Assisi) by Pope XII in 1940. Patron of Europe by Pope John Paul II in 1999. Patron of Historically Catholic American Woman fraternity, Theta Phi Alpha. Doctorate of the Church (with Teresa of Avila, 1st woman to receive this honour) by Pope Paul VI in 1970. 
St. Catherine of SienaBorn in 1347, this well-known saint is the patroness of Italy, her country. Catherine was the youngest in a family of twenty-five children. Her father was a a wool dyer. Catherine started having mystical experiences when she was only 6 years old, seeing guardian angels as clearly as the people they protected Her mother and father wanted her to be happily married. In protest to her parents wanting her to marry she tried to disfigure herself by cutting her long hair short. In Catherine’s time, the Church had many problems. There were fights going on all over Italy. Catherine wrote letters to kings and queens. She even went to beg rulers to make peace with the pope and to avoid wars. As a Dominican tertiary, which she entered at just the age of 16, she continued to have visions of Christ, Mary, and the saints. St. Catherine was one of the most brilliant theological minds of her day, although she never had any formal education. She persuaded the Pope to go back to Rome from Avignon, in 1377, Catherine never forgot that Jesus was in her heart. With God and Jesus in her heart, she nursed sick people. Through her Jesus comforted the prisoners she visited in jail. This great saint died in Rome in 1380. She was just thirty-three. She was proclaimed a saint by Pope Pius II in 1461. In 1970, Pope Paul VI declared St. Catherine a Doctor of the Church. She received this great honor because she served Jesus’ Church heroically during her brief lifetime. |
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| Feastday April 30 Pope Born 1504 Died 1572 Proclaimed a saint by Pope Clement XI in 1712 Canonized by Pope Clement XI in 1712 
St. Pius VThis holy pope was born in Italy in 1504. Born Antonio Ghislieri in Bosco, Italy, to a poor family, he laboured as a shepherd until the age of fourteen and then joined the Dominicans, being ordained in 1528. That is when he took the name “Michael.” Eventually, he became a priest. Then he became a bishop and cardinal. He studied at Bologna and Genoa, and then taught theology and philosophy for sixteen years before holding the posts of master of novices and priorfor several Dominican houses. In 1551, he was named inquisitor for Como and Bergamo. In 1555, Carafa was elected Pope Paul IV and in 1556, Carafa was responsible for Ghislieris swift rise as a bishop of Nepi and Sutri. In 1557 he became Cardinal and in 1558, he became the Grand Equisitor. Robin Anderson, 2009, writes of Ghisliery rise to Pope, to which he reigned from 1566-1572 and one of the foremost leaders of the Catholic Reformation. As pope, Pius V had many challenges to face. He drew strength from the crucifix. He meditated every day on the sufferings and death of Jesus. At this time, the Turks were trying to conquer the whole Christian world. They had a great navy on the Mediterranean Sea. A Christian force went to battle them at a place called Lepanto, near Greece. From the moment the army set out, the pope prayed the Rosary. He encouraged the people to do the same. Thanks to the help of the Blessed Mother, the Christians won a great victory. In gratitude to Mary, St. Pius V established the feast of Our Lady of the Rosary. We celebrate it each year on October 7. Pope Pius V died in Rome on May 1, 1572. His feast is celebrated today because May 1 is the feast of St. Joseph the Worker. Pius V was. |
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Refrence |
| Religion & Spirituality Category Guidelines,Wiki Answers |
| Catholic Online, 2013 |
| Daily Saints |
| Foley O.F.M., Leonard,St.Francis of Paola, Saint of the Day: Lives, Lessons, and Feasts (rev. Pat McCloskey O.F.M.), Franciscan Media, ISBN 978-0-86716-887-7 |
| Farmer, David Hugh (1997). The Oxford dictionary of saints (4. ed. ed.). Oxford [u.a.]: Oxford Univ. Press. pp. 194. ISBN 0-19-280058-2. |
| HARDY, 1871, Descriptive catalogue of MSS. relating to the history of Great Britain and Ireland, III,London, 136-9; Acta SS., April, I (Venice, 1768), 277-318; CAPGRAVE, Nova legenda Angliae (London, 1516), 269; PARIS, Historia major, ed. MADDEN in R. S., II, III (London, 1866); Annales monastici, ed. LUARD in R. S. (London, 1864); Flores historiarum, ed. IDEM in R. S., II (London, 1890); Rishanger’s Chronicle, ed. RILEY in R. S. (London, 1865); TRIVET, ed. HOG, Annales sex regum Angliae (London, 1845); Calendar of Papal Letters, ed. BLISS, I (London, 1893); Vita di S. Ricardo vescovo di Cicestria (Milan, 1706); STEPHENS, Memorials of the See of Chichester (London, 1876), 83-98, contains the best modern life; WALLACE, St. Edmund of Canterbury (London, 1893), 196-205; GASQUET, Henry III and the Church (London, 1905), 222, 343; CHALLONER, Britannia sancta (London, 1745), 206-13; STANTON, Menology of England and Wales (London, 1887), 141-3. |
| Halphen, 1921, “Le moine de Saint-Gall”, in his Études critiques sur l’histoire de Charlemagne, ch. 4:139-42. |
| Oakes, Edward T. (S.J.) (2006-09-01). “Islam and Conversion”. First Things.http://www.firstthings.com/onthesquare/?p=457. Retrieved 2007-04-14. |
| Blessed Anthony Neyrot, Priest and Martyr PDF (958 KiB), Manual of the Dominican Laity. Province of the Assumption, pp26-27. Retrieved on 23 February 2012. |
| Robin Anderson, 2009, St Pius V, TAN Books and Publishers, Inc, 1973/78. ISBN 0-89555-354-6 |
| Medaer R (1979). “Does the history of multiple sclerosis go back as far as the 14th century?”.Acta Neurol. Scand. 60 (3): 189–92. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1979.tb08970.x.PMID 390966 |
| Clare, 2010, Elizabeth Files, Read more: http://www.elizabethfiles.com/act-of-uniformity-1559/3833/#ixzz2NWUCqSKK, Katherine I. Rabenstein http://www.saintpatrickdc.org/ss/reference.shtml |
| Michael L. Coulter, Richard S. Myers, Joseph A. Varacalli , 2012, Encyclopedia of Catholic Social Thought, Social Science, and Social Policy, published by Scarecrow Press, Inc http://www.holyspiritinteractive.net/dailysaint/april/0402.asp |
| Martyrologium Romanum 2001, Libreria Editrice Vaticana, ISBN 88-209-7210-7) |
| Calendarium Romanum , 1969, Editrice Vaticana, p. 120 |
Della Luce 